Table 1.

Historical development of the HTKS. Adapted from “Head-Toes for Neurodiverse Learners: Adapting an Existing Behavioral Self-regulation Assessment,” by CE Cameron et al., 2025 CC BY-NC.

Task name	Description and population	Citation(s)
Head-to-Toes (HTT), one-part version	Two rules (head/toes); initial task version for 4-year-old typically developing children	Cameron Ponitz et al. (2008), McClelland et al. (2007a), and McClelland et al. (2007b)
Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS), two-part version	Up to four rules (head/toes; knees/shoulders); new task section added to expand to include 5-year typically developing children	Cameron Ponitz et al. (2009)
Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS), three-part version	Four rules that switch; new task section added to expand to include up to 8-year-old typically developing children	McClelland et al. (2014)
Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders-Revised (HTKS-R), four-part version	New verbal-only section for two rules (head/toes); adapted to address floor effect for typically-developing 4-year-olds with prior task’s gross motor responses	Gonzales et al. (2021) and McClelland et al. (2021)
HTKS-Kids, digital version of HTKS-R, four-part version	Two- and then four-rule HTKS-R programmed on a tablet and facilitated by early childhood teachers; includes teacher-led, verbal-only section (1 part), and child-led section (3 parts)	Cameron et al. (2024)
Head-Toes for Neurodiverse Learners (HTNL) – two-part version, engagement items	New first section where children first copy the examiner and then follow the command as given, continuing to HTKS-R, with assessor-rated engagement items; adapted to expand task/avoid floor effect for neurodiverse children, specifically those with motor, attention, and cognitive disabilities	Cameron et al. (2025)