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. 2026 Jul 13;13:1878848. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1878848

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Zhang, Cai, Yu, Feng and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot summarizing three meta-analyses comparing carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake between eating alone and eating together, listing studies, means, standard deviations, total participants, effect sizes, confidence intervals, weights, and heterogeneity statistics for each nutrient. Rectangles and diamonds represent individual and pooled effect sizes. — Differences in total macronutrient intake between older adults eating alone and together.