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. 2026 Jul 13;13:1878848. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1878848

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Zhang, Cai, Yu, Feng and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot showing mean difference in outcome measurements between eating alone and eating together across four studies, with green squares representing individual effect sizes, confidence intervals as horizontal lines, and an overall random effects summary shown by a blue diamond indicating a pooled mean difference of 109.51 with a confidence interval from 17.39 to 201.62. — Differences in total energy intake between older adults eating alone and together.