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. 2026 Jul 13;13:1858833. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1858833

Figure 3.

Scientific figure showing three groups—Non-surgical, Surgical, and Euthanasia—compared on force and compliance during jaw opening. Panel A plots force versus jaw opening, with increasing force in all groups. Panel B shows bar graph of area under the curve (AUC) for force, with a significant difference marked at p=0.0469. Panel C displays a dot plot of AUC force difference between Non-surgical and Surgical groups. Panel D plots compliance versus jaw opening, all groups decreasing. Panel E shows bar graph of AUC for compliance with no significant difference. Panel F has a dot plot of AUC compliance difference between Non-surgical and Surgical groups.

Results of dynamic assessment of jaw tone during non-surgical and surgical depths of anesthesia (DoA) in isoflurane-anesthetized Hanford minipigs (n = 7). Jaw opening force (A), area under the curve (AUC) for force (B), difference plot for AUC force (C), jaw opening compliance (D), AUC compliance (E), and difference plot for AUC compliance (F). Measurements were also obtained in a subgroup of n = 3 pigs after euthanasia with pentobarbital overdose for visual comparison. The DoA was defined as non-surgical and surgical, respectively, by the presence or absence of limb withdrawal in response to the application of a dewclaw clamp with a 15-cm Doyen forceps closed to the first ratchet. The median end-tidal isoflurane concentration at each anesthetic depth is indicated within the bars in (B,E). The AUC force and AUC compliance were compared using a two-tailed Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Data are shown as mean±SD (A,D) or as median±IQR and individual values (B,C,E,F).