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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1890018. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1890018

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Copyright © 2026 Chen and Feng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating patient selection for a diabetes study: of 1,021 type 2 diabetes patients, 452 were excluded for various conditions. 569 were included, divided into non-DSPN group (148) and DSPN group (421). — Flowchart of participant inclusion and exclusion.