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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1890018. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1890018

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Copyright © 2026 Chen and Feng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot displaying odds ratios with 95 percent confidence intervals for various characteristics including gender, age, BMI, blood pressure, vitamin D, lipid levels, HbA1c, insulin resistance, exercise, and smoking, with corresponding total and event numbers, and a vertical reference line at one. — Forest plot of univariable logistic regression analysis for factors associated with DSPN. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; IR, insulin resistance.