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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1890018. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1890018

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Copyright © 2026 Chen and Feng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot showing adjusted odds ratios with ninety-five percent confidence intervals for variables including gender, age, body mass index, blood pressure, diabetes duration, vitamin D, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HbA1c, insulin resistance, exercise, and smoking. Horizontal lines indicate confidence intervals; some cross the reference line, suggesting non-significant associations, while others do not, indicating statistical significance. Data columns detail totals and events per category. — Forest plot of multivariable logistic regression analysis for factors associated with DSPN. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; IR, insulin resistance.