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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1890018. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1890018

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Copyright © 2026 Chen and Feng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line chart and histogram showing odds ratio with 95 percent confidence interval by VDtotal values, featuring a turning point at approximately 27, with p-value below 0.001 and p-nonlinear at 0.2. — Restricted cubic spline analysis exploring the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of DSPN. The model was adjusted for age, diabetes duration, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and insulin resistance. P for nonlinearity, 0.20. 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy.