Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Variable | Total (n = 569) | Non-DSPN (n = 148) | DSPN (n = 421) | Statistic | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58.36 ± 11.38 | 55.87 ± 11.44 | 59.24 ± 11.24 | t = -3.117 | 0.002 |
| Gender, n (%) | χ² = 3.270 | 0.071 | |||
| Male | 353 (62.04) | 101 (68.24) | 252 (59.86) | ||
| Female | 216 (37.96) | 47 (31.76) | 169 (40.14) | ||
| Smoke, n (%) | χ² = 0.025 | 0.875 | |||
| No | 424 (74.52) | 111 (75.00) | 313 (74.35) | ||
| Yes | 145 (25.48) | 37 (25.00) | 108 (25.65) | ||
| Drinking, n (%) | χ² = 2.458 | 0.117 | |||
| No | 398 (69.95) | 96 (64.86) | 302 (71.73) | ||
| Yes | 171 (30.05) | 52 (35.14) | 119 (28.27) | ||
| DM duration, years | 7.00 (2.00–10.17) | 5.00 (1.00–10.00) | 8.00 (3.00–11.00) | Z = -3.074 | 0.002 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.35 ± 17.39 | 127.05 ± 16.46 | 130.16 ± 17.66 | t = -1.871 | 0.062 |
| DBP, mmHg | 81.06 ± 10.96 | 80.94 ± 10.40 | 81.10 ± 11.17 | t = -0.155 | 0.877 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 24.13 ± 3.36 | 24.51 ± 3.41 | 24.00 ± 3.34 | t = 1.585 | 0.114 |
| WC, cm | 89.00 ± 11.73 | 91.34 ± 11.65 | 88.17 ± 11.65 | t = 2.845 | 0.005 |
| ALT, U/L | 27.16 ± 19.58 | 28.39 ± 23.16 | 26.72 ± 18.16 | t = 0.891 | 0.373 |
| Ca, mmol/L | 2.37 ± 0.16 | 2.38 ± 0.14 | 2.37 ± 0.16 | t = 1.162 | 0.246 |
| Cr, μmol/L | 76.77 ± 31.02 | 76.71 ± 28.36 | 76.79 ± 31.93 | t = -0.026 | 0.979 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 90.50 ± 25.15 | 92.46 ± 25.43 | 89.81 ± 25.04 | t = 1.100 | 0.272 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.24 ± 1.57 | 5.15 ± 1.49 | 5.27 ± 1.59 | t = -0.809 | 0.419 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.69 (1.15–2.72) | 1.77 (1.15–2.88) | 1.68 (1.15–2.63) | Z = -0.565 | 0.572 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.20 ± 0.49 | 1.20 ± 0.48 | 1.20 ± 0.49 | t = 0.140 | 0.889 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.22 ± 1.13 | 3.18 ± 1.15 | 3.23 ± 1.13 | t = -0.536 | 0.592 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 8.84 ± 3.14 | 8.43 ± 3.21 | 8.98 ± 3.10 | t = -1.829 | 0.068 |
| PPG, mmol/L | 12.05 ± 4.04 | 11.88 ± 4.30 | 12.11 ± 3.94 | t = -0.591 | 0.555 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.98 ± 2.45 | 8.79 ± 2.28 | 9.05 ± 2.51 | t = -1.106 | 0.269 |
| IR | 4.03 (2.39–6.30) | 3.46 (1.69–5.52) | 4.29 (2.59–6.47) | Z = -3.056 | 0.002 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or n (%) as appropriate. DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Ca, calcium; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PPG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; IR, insulin resistance.