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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1825036. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1825036

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Copyright © 2026 Zhao, Li, Cheng and Ren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing crude death rates per 100,000 population for age groups 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-84, and 85+ years from 1999 to 2023. All groups display overall declining trends with variations, and shaded regions indicate confidence intervals. The legend below details corresponding annual percent changes for each age group over specific year ranges. — Trends in crude mortality rate of liver failure-related deaths among patients with DSMTs in the United States from 1999 to 2023, stratified by age group. AAMR, age-adjusted mortality rate; APC, annual percent change; DSMTs, digestive system malignant tumors.