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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1825036. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1825036

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Copyright © 2026 Zhao, Li, Cheng and Ren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing age-adjusted mortality rates per 100,000 population by race from 1999 to 2023. All groups show decreases over time, with Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Other populations represented by colored lines. Shaded areas indicate confidence intervals. Each group’s annual percent change is listed in the legend. — Trends in AAMR of liver failure-related deaths among patients with DSMTs in the United States from 1999 to 2023, stratified by race. AAMR, age-adjusted mortality rate; APC, annual percent change; DSMTs, digestive system malignant tumors.