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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1825036. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1825036

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Copyright © 2026 Zhao, Li, Cheng and Ren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line chart comparing age-adjusted mortality rates per one hundred thousand population from 1999 to 2020 for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, showing a consistent decline over time with greater magnitude of decline in metropolitan area. Confidence intervals are shaded for each line. — Trends in AAMR of liver failure-related deaths among patients with DSMTs in the United States from 1999 to 2020, stratified by urbanization level. AAMR, age-adjusted mortality rate; APC, annual percent change; DSMTs, digestive system malignant tumors.