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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1825036. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1825036

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Copyright © 2026 Zhao, Li, Cheng and Ren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line chart showing age-adjusted mortality rates per one hundred thousand population by region from 1999 to 2023 for Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. All regions show a decline over time, with the West consistently highest. Shaded areas indicate confidence intervals. Annual percent change for each period is included in the legend. — Trends in AAMR of liver failure-related deaths among patients with DSMTs in the United States from 1999 to 2023, stratified by census region. AAMR, age-adjusted mortality rate; APC, annual percent change; DSMTs, digestive system malignant tumors.