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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1825036. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1825036

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Copyright © 2026 Zhao, Li, Cheng and Ren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Horizontal bar chart showing percentage change by HHS Regions, with light blue bars for decreases and light orange bars for increases. HHS Regions 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 4 all display decreasing percentages, while Regions 8 and 10 show increases. The largest increase is observed in Region 10, and the largest decrease in Region 1. State abbreviations for each region are listed below the chart. — Percent change in liver failure-related deaths among patients with DSMTs in the United States from 1999 to 2023, stratified by HHS region. Full state names for each HHS region are provided in Supplementary Table 1. DSMTs, digestive system malignant tumors.