TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics in the two groups before propensity score matching.
| Characteristic | No PPI group (n = 45,194) | PPI group (n = 13,105) | P value | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 66.0 (55.0–76.0) | 66.0 (55.0–76.0) | 0.394 | 0.004 |
| Male, n (%) | 24,987 (55.3) | 7,383 (56.3) | 0.034 | 0.021 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.7 (23.6–33.3) | 27.6 (23.7–32.8) | 0.230 | 0.023 |
| Diagnosed diseases, n (%) | ||||
| AIDS | 133 (0.3) | 59 (0.5) | 0.008 | 0.026 |
| Cancer | 3,186 (7.1) | 1,694 (12.9) | <0.001 | 0.197 |
| CHF | 7,909 (17.5) | 3,558 (27.1) | <0.001 | 0.232 |
| COPD | 5,641 (12.5) | 2,998 (22.9) | <0.001 | 0.275 |
| Dementia | 959 (2.1) | 418 (3.2) | <0.001 | 0.066 |
| Diabetes | 6,544 (14.5) | 3,719 (28.4) | <0.001 | 0.344 |
| IBD | 171 (0.4) | 110 (0.8) | <0.001 | 0.059 |
| Renal disease | 4,994 (11.1) | 2,467 (18.8) | <0.001 | 0.219 |
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.7 (10.0–13.5) | 11.0 (9.5–12.8) | <0.001 | 0.234 |
| While blood cells, K/uL | 12.9 (9.3–18.0) | 13.3 (9.4–18.6) | <0.001 | 0.035 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.2 (2.7–3.7) | 3.1 (2.5–3.6) | <0.001 | 0.159 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–2.3) | <0.001 | 0.096 |
| ALT, U/L | 26.0 (16.0–50.0) | 28.0 (17.0–57.0) | <0.001 | 0.059 |
| AST, U/L | 35.0 (22.0–73.0) | 40.0 (24.0–91.0) | <0.001 | 0.085 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | <0.001 | 0.160 |
| Treatments, n (%) | ||||
| Metronidazole | 5,037 (11.1) | 2049 (15.7) | <0.001 | 0.135 |
| Vancomycin | 14,011 (31.0) | 4,827 (37.0) | <0.001 | 0.127 |
| High risk antibiotics | 19,652 (43.5) | 7,145 (54.5) | <0.001 | 0.218 |
| Immunosuppression | 9,402 (20.8) | 3,252 (24.8) | <0.001 | 0.096 |
Abbreviations: PPI, proton pump inhibitors; SMD, standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.