TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics in the two groups after propensity score matching.
| Characteristic | No PPI group (n = 13,045) | PPI group (n = 13,045) | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 66.0 (55.0–76.0) | 66.0 (55.0–76.0) | 0.012 |
| Male, n (%) | 7,321 (56.1) | 7,347 (56.3) | 0.004 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6 (23.5–33.1) | 27.6 (23.7–32.8) | 0.012 |
| Diagnosed diseases, n (%) | |||
| AIDS | 56 (0.4) | 59 (0.5) | 0.003 |
| Cancer | 1707 (13.1) | 1,668 (12.8) | 0.009 |
| CHF | 3,664 (28.1) | 3,524 (27.0) | 0.024 |
| COPD | 3,057 (23.4) | 2,961 (22.7) | 0.017 |
| Dementia | 445 (3.4) | 414 (3.2) | 0.013 |
| Diabetes | 3,724 (28.6) | 3,674 (28.2) | 0.009 |
| IBD | 106 (0.8) | 108 (0.8) | 0.002 |
| Renal disease | 2,457 (18.8) | 2,436 (18.7) | 0.004 |
| Laboratory test results | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.1 (9.5–12.9) | 11.0 (9.5–12.8) | 0.004 |
| While blood cells, K/uL | 13.0 (9.3–18.2) | 13.3 (9.4–18.6) | 0.006 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 3.1 (2.5–3.6) | 0.007 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.3 (0.9–2.2) | 1.3 (0.9–2.3) | 0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 27.0 (16.0–51.0) | 28.0 (17.0–57.0) | 0.005 |
| AST, U/L | 37.0 (22.0–81.0) | 40.0 (24.0–91.0) | 0.011 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.010 |
| Treatments, n (%) | |||
| Metronidazole | 2067 (15.8) | 2013 (15.4) | 0.011 |
| Vancomycin | 4,724 (36.2) | 4,639 (35.6) | 0.013 |
| High risk antibiotics | 7,024 (53.8) | 6,925 (53.1) | 0.008 |
| Immunosuppression | 3,293 (25.2) | 3,221 (24.7) | 0.013 |
Abbreviations: PPI, proton pump inhibitors; SMD, standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.