Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the included patients.
| Characteristic | Patients with MOH (n = 160) |
Patients without MOH (n = 322) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [median (IQR)] | 34 (27–40) | 35 (28.75–41) | 0.174 | |
| Sex [n (%)] | Males | 59 (36.9%) | 102 (31.7%) | 0.255 |
| Females | 101 (63.1%) | 220 (68.3%) | ||
| BMI [median (IQR)] | 27.34 (24.4–30.85) | 26.9 (24.15–30.48) | 0.363 | |
| Type of primary headache disorder [n (%)] | Tension | 51 (31.9%) | 96 (29.8%) | 0.875 |
| Migraine | 97 (60.6%) | 203 (63.0%) | ||
| Cluster | 12 (7.5%) | 23 (7.1%) | ||
| Duration of primary headache disorder [median (IQR)] | 3 (2–8) | 4 (2–8) | 0.361 | |
| Duration of MOH [median (IQR)] | 1 (0.5–3) | – | – | |
| MHD [median (IQR)] | 20 (15–30) | 7 (4–10) | <0.001* | |
| AMD [median (IQR)] | 18 (15–25) | 4 (2–7) | <0.001* | |
| HIT-6 total score [median (IQR)] | 65 (62–70) | 60 (56–64) | <0.001* | |
| SDS total score [median (IQR)] | 9 (7–11.75) | – | – | |
| DASS-12 [median (IQR)] | DASS-D (depression) | 4 (2–8) | 3 (1–4) | <0.001* |
| DASS-A (anxiety) | 6 (3–8) | 4 (2–6) | <0.001* | |
| DASS-S (stress) | 7 (4–9) | 4 (3–7) | <0.001* | |
| Total score | 18 (11–24) | 12 (6–17) | <0.001* | |
| SURPS [median (IQR)] | Hopelessness | 15 (12–19) | 14 (12–16) | 0.002* |
| Anxiety sensitivity | 15 (13–16) | 14 (12–15) | 0.060 | |
| Impulsivity | 13 (10–16) | 12 (10–14) | <0.001* | |
| Sensation seeking | 13 (11–16) | 13 (10–15) | 0.017* | |
| Total score | 56 (49.25–64) | 53 (46–58.25) | <0.001* | |
| Caffeine consumption [n (%)] | Non-consumers | 33 (20.6%) | 53 (16.5%) | <0.001* |
| Light consumers | 89 (55.6%) | 239 (74.2%) | ||
| Heavy consumers | 38 (23.8%) | 30 (9.3%) | ||
| CUDQ total score [median (IQR)] | 10 (4–18) | 7 (2–10) | <0.001* | |
AMD, acute medication days; BMI, body mass index; CUDQ, Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire; DASS-12, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales–12; HIT-6, Headache Impact Test–6; MHD, monthly headache days; MOH, medication overuse headache; SDS, Severity of Dependence Scale; SURPS, Substance Use Risk Profile Scale.
*p-value < 0.05 is considered significant.