FIGURE 6.

Manhattan plot of genome-wide association analysis for IEM. The horizontal dashed line indicates the genome-wide significance threshold (P < 5 × 10⁻⁸). Variants surpassing this threshold are considered to have significant associations with IEM. Notably, two genomic loci demonstrated the strongest signals: ZPR1 located on chromosome 11 and APOE located on chromosome 19. However, only APOE demonstrated consistent relevance across all analytical layers in this study, providing an additional, independent layer of association supporting its prioritization for further investigation.