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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1854406. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1854406

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Copyright © 2026 Nam and Ferrarezi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph comparing daily light integral (DLI) across days after treatment (DAT) for five treatments. Four treatments remain between 15 and 17, while BFB-ΦPSII 0.68 is consistently lower, between 10 and 14. — Daily light integral (DLI) during 13 days after treatment (DAT) under five lighting treatments. BFB-ETR 100 and ML-ETR 100 indicate biofeedback control targeting an electron transport rate (ETR) of 100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 using chlorophyll fluorometer-based and machine learning-based regulation, respectively. BFB-Φ_PSII 0.68 and ML-Φ_PSII 0.68 indicate the same control strategies targeting a quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ_PSII) of 0.68. PPFD 350 represents a constant light control strategy maintaining a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 350 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.