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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1854406. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1854406

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Copyright © 2026 Nam and Ferrarezi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Five line graphs display changes in FPSII, PPFD, temperature, VPD,and CO2 over the day, each with shaded error regions and a vertical dashed line at13:30. Each plot shows midday peaks or troughs. — Diurnal patterns of quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ_PSII) and environmental variables (photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD], air temperature, vapor pressure deficit [VPD], and carbon dioxide [CO₂] concentration) during the data collection period. Solid lines indicate the mean across days, and shaded areas represent ± 1 standard deviation (SD) among days (n = 42).