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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1854406. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1854406

Figure 7.

Panel A shows a blue line graph of BFB-ETR 100, Panel B a redline graph of BFB-FPSII 0.68, Panel C a purple line graph of ML-ETR 100, Panel D anorange line graph of ML-FPSII 0.68, and Panel E a green line graph labeled PPFD 350. Allpanels plot PPFD against hour of day with shaded error regions indicating variability.

Diurnal patterns of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) under five lighting control strategies, summarized across 13 days. Data were aggregated across days at each time of day (15-min resolution), with solid lines representing the mean PPFD and shaded areas indicating ±1 standard deviation (SD). BFB-ETR 100 and ML-ETR 100 indicate biofeedback control targeting an electron transport rate (ETR) of 100 μmol·m-2·s-1 using chlorophyll fluorometer-based and machine learning-based regulation, respectively. BFB-ΦPSII 0.68 and ML-ΦPSII 0.68 indicate the same control strategies targeting a quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) of 0.68. PPFD 350 represents a constant light control strategy maintaining a PPFD of 350 μmol·m-2·s-1.