Table 1.

General characteristics of the 16 included studies.

References	Country	Design	Sector	Sample type	Manipulation	Outcome type	# Delays
Bickel et al. (2016)	USA	E	Private	AMT	Framing; Sign; Past-Future	Money	7
Bidewell et al. (2006)	Australia	Q	Public/Private	Educational staff	Framing	Money	2
Dixon et al. (2018)	USA	F	Private	Waitresses	Titration	Money	7
Duan et al. (2017)-ex2	China	Q	Private	Corporate employees	Framing	Air quality	1
Hernández-Toledano et al. (2025)	Mexico	Q	Private	Managers & operative workers	Framing; Amount	Money	7
Hesketh (2000)-ex2	Australia	Q	Private	Career advisers and counselors	Framing	Job fit	7
Joshi and Fast (2013)-ex1	USA	E	Private	AMT	Framing	Money	1
Lahav et al. (2011)	Israel	F	Army	Soldiers	Framing; Amount	Money	3
Logue and Anderson (2001)	USA	Q	Private	Provost, experienced fellows, & new fellows	Framing	Money	8
Losina et al. (2017)	USA	Q	Public/Private	Non-clinician employees	Intervention	Money	9
Mellis et al. (2018a)	USA	E	Private	AMT	Framing; Cross-commodity	Money/Food gift card	7
Mellis et al. (2018b)	USA	E	Private	AMT	Framing	Money	7
Saunders and Fogarty (2001)	Hong Kong	L	Private	High staff members	Framing	Job promotion	4
Shavit et al. (2013)	Israel	F	Army	Soldiers	Framing; Amount	Money	3
Weißmüller (2022)	Germany	E	Public/Private	General workers	Framing; Amount	Money	9
Xu and Yin (2020)	USA	Q	Private	AMT	Framing	Money	7

E, experimental design; Q, quasiexperimental; L, longitudinal; F, field study; AMT, Amazon Mechanical Turk workers.