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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1834120. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1834120

Figure 2.

Bar graph and stacked bar chart comparing six groups: G1 (control), G2 (LPS), G3 (LPS + PME 25%), G4 (LPS + PME 50%), G5 (LPS + PME 75%), and G6 (LPS + PME consortium). Panel A shows Shannon Index values indicating reduced alpha diversity in G2, partially restored in G3-G6, with statistical significance highlighted. Panel B presents gut microbiota composition by phylum, showing changes in relative abundance among groups, with G1 and G6 profiles marked as healthy-like and restored, respectively. Colors represent specific phyla such as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and others.

Microbial profiling was performed using 16S rRNA V3–V4 sequencing and analyzed using the QIIME2 pipeline with the SILVA reference database. (A) Alpha diversity analysis shows reduced microbial diversity in the inflammatory group, while probiotic treatment restores diversity levels. (B) Taxonomic composition analysis demonstrates a decrease in Proteobacteria and restoration of beneficial Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes populations, indicating improved gut microbial balance associated with gut–skin axis regulation. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.