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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1834120. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1834120

Figure 3.

Panel A is a PCA score plot showing distinct clustering of six groups labeled as G1 Control, G2 LPS, G3 PME 25%, G4 PME 50%, G5 PME 75%, and G6 PME Consortium, each colored differently. Panel B is a PLS-DA score plot with similar group clustering and separation along two principal axes. Panel C displays a bar graph comparing concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs) across groups with significance indicated. Panel D is a heatmap depicting relative abundances (Z-scores) of six differential metabolites for each group, with colors ranging from blue (low) to red (high).

Metabolomic profiling of gut-derived metabolites following probiotic metabolite treatment. (A) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score plot. (B) Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) score plot. (C) Quantitative comparison of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). (D) Heatmap of differential metabolites. Untargeted LC–MS/MS metabolomic analysis identified significant alterations in SCFAs, indole derivatives, and bile acid metabolites between inflammatory and probiotic-treated groups. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0001, ns, p> 0.05.