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. 2026 Jul 13;13:1851438. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2026.1851438

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© 2026 Xin, Xiang, Liu, Guo, Bai, Zhu, Geng, Xie, Cong and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating patient selection for a study on endoscopic endonasal surgery between January 2023 and March 2025, starting with 297 patients and ending with 213 after exclusions for expanded approach, non-adenoma pathologies, previous surgery or radiotherapy, and less than three months of follow-up. — Flow chart for patient selection. A total of 297 patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal surgery between January 2023 and March 2025 were initially screened. Among these, 10 were excluded because the procedure involved an expanded endonasal approach, 38 were excluded due to non-adenoma pathologies, 27 were excluded due to prior surgery or radiotherapy, and 9 were excluded because follow-up duration was less than three months. The remaining 213 patients were included in the final analysis.