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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1893876. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1893876

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants according to DKD status at the index visit.

Variable Non-DKD DKD Overall p value
n 6842 54 6896
adropin (ng/mL) 5.31 (1.90) 4.62 (1.89) 5.30 (1.90) 0.009
Sex (%) 0.619
Male 2827 (41.3) 20 (37.0) 2847 (41.3)
Female 4015 (58.7) 34 (63.0) 4049 (58.7)
age (years) 65.11 (9.45) 62.52 (10.70) 65.09 (9.47) 0.045
weight (kg) 58.21 (10.12) 64.21 (10.73) 58.25 (10.14) <0.001
pulse (bpm) 78.60 (9.12) 78.41 (8.00) 78.60 (9.11) 0.879
BMI (kg/m2) 23.16 (3.29) 24.02 (3.07) 23.17 (3.29) 0.056
WC (cm) 82.43 (9.52) 86.81 (9.30) 82.47 (9.53) 0.001
FPG (mmol/L) 5.32 (1.56) 9.39 (3.32) 5.35 (1.62) <0.001
Smoke (%) 1.000
Yes 1165 (17.0) 9 (16.7) 1174 (17.0)
No 5677 (83.0) 45 (83.3) 5722 (83.0)
Alcohol (%) 0.406
Yes 823 (12.0) 4 (7.4) 827 (12.0)
No 6019 (88.0) 50 (92.6) 6069 (88.0)
Hypertension (%) 1.000
Yes 2997 (43.8) 24 (44.4) 3021 (43.8)
No 3845 (56.2) 30 (55.6) 3875 (56.2)
Diabetes (%) <0.001
Yes 573 (8.4) 54 (100.0) 627 (9.1)
No 6269 (91.6) 0 (0.0) 6269 (90.9)
CKD (%) <0.001
Yes 434 (6.3) 54 (100.0) 488 (7.1)
No 6408 (93.7) 0 (0.0) 6408 (92.9)

BMI, Body Mass Index; WC, Waist circumference; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease.