Table 3.

ASVCP/CLSI-compliant reference interval summary for serum amyloid A (SAA) in apparently healthy donkeys (Equus asinus).

Item	Value
Reference population	Apparently healthy pasture-managed donkeys (Equus asinus)
Sample size	176
Analyte and matrix	Serum amyloid A in serum
Assay/method	Donkey-specific double-antibody sandwich ELISA; Enlibio Biotech Co., Ltd.; 96-well format
Interval definition	Central 95% RI; 2.5th and 97.5th percentile limits
Primary statistical method	Nonparametric; two-sided 90% CIs from binomial order statistics
Observed range	0.00–67.10 ng/mL
Distribution	Right-skewed; Shapiro–Wilk W = 0.660, p < 0.001
Lower reference limit	2.91 ng/mL (2.5th percentile; 90% CI: 0.00–4.07 ng/mL)
Upper reference limit	42.85 ng/mL (97.5th percentile; 90% CI: 35.49–67.10 ng/mL)
Primary RI	2.91–42.85 ng/mL
High-end observation assessment	17 observations exceeded the upper Tukey IQR threshold; all were retained because no documented analytical, preanalytical, or clinical reason for exclusion was identified
Sensitivity analysis	After excluding the 17 upper-tail observations: RI 2.46–17.83 ng/mL; lower 90% CI 0.00–3.90 ng/mL; upper 90% CI 15.22–19.21 ng/mL