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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1883051. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1883051

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Copyright © 2026 Ługowski, Babińska, Ludwin and Stanirowski.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing amino acid transport across placental membranes, including Na+/K+ ATPase pumps (green) on both maternal-facing and fetal-facing sides, SNAT accumulative transporter (orange), LAT exchange transporter (blue), and efflux transporter (purple), highlighting movement of essential, non-essential, and neutral amino acids using ATP in maternal and fetal circulation. — System A and system L amino acid transport in human syncytiotrophoblast. Created with biorender.com. AA, amino acid; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BM, basal membrane; LAT, L-type amino acid transporter; MVM, microvillous membrane; SNAT, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter.