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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1883051. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1883051

Figure 4.

Diagram comparing transporter activity and protein expression of amino acid transporters in fetal growth restriction (FGR), small for gestational age (SGA), fetal macrosomia, and large for gestational age (LGA), with modulatory factors maternal preeclampsia (PE) and diabetes mellitus (DM) influencing specific transporter expressions, accompanied by cross-sectional placenta and fetus illustrations.

Summary of placental amino acid transport alterations in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth disorders. DM, diabetes mellitus; FGR, fetal growth restriction; LAT1, L-type amino acid transporter 1; LAT2, L-type amino acid transporter 2; SGA, small for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; PE, preeclampsia; SNAT1, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1; SNAT2, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2; SNAT4, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 4; SNAT5, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 5;.