Table 2.

Overview of technical aspects for clinical consideration:

Factor	Mechanism	Surgical strategies
Camera angle and exposure	Affects excitation/emission capture	Keep FOV as perpendicular as feasible
Working distance	Inverse-square fallout, scattering	Optimize to ~ 5 cm, avoid drifting away from target
Field uniformity	Central brightening, edge falloff	Judge margins at the image center
Gain presets	Amplifies both signal and noise	Note gain, avoid overinterpreting brightness
Black-point (threshold)	Hides background; boosts contrast	Use sparingly, reorient with grayscale anatomy when in doubt
Autoscaling (auto-contrast)	Dynamic display rescaling	Be aware of false changes with camera motion
In-field reference	Tool autofluorescence as anchor	Normalize relative intensity intraoperatively
Artifacts (specular, cautery, autofluorescence)	Quenching, char reflections	Minimize cautery OR avoid overinterpreting fluorescence in cauterized regions, irrigate before imaging