ACLY	ATP-citrate lyase.
AKT	Protein kinase B.
AMPK	Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase.
Arg-1	Arginase 1.
ATF4	Activating transcription factor 4.
ATF6	Activating transcription factor 6.
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X protein.
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2.
BCAA	Branched-chain amino acid.
CHOP	C/EBP homologous protein.
Cyt c	Cytochrome c.
DAG	Diacylglycerol.
DAMPs	Damage-associated molecular patterns.
Drp1	Dynamin-related protein 1.
EGF/VEGF	Epidermal growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor.
eIF2α-P	Phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α.
ERS	Endoplasmic reticulum stress.
ETC	Electron transport chain.
FFA/NEFA	Free fatty acid/non-esterified fatty acid.
FoxO1	Forkhead box protein O1.
G6Pase	Glucose-6-phosphatase.
GLUT1	Glucose transporter 1.
GLUT4	Glucose transporter 4.
GLUTs	Glucose transporters.
GPx-1	Glutathione peroxidase 1.
GRP75	Glucose-regulated protein 75.
GSH-Px	Glutathione peroxidase.
HG	High glucose.
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha.
HK2	Hexokinase 2.
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1.
IL-1β	Interleukin-1β.
IL-6	Interleukin-6.
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase.
IP3R	Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor.
IRE1α	Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α.
IRK	Insulin receptor kinase.
IRS1/2	Insulin receptor substrate 1/2.
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinases.
M1	Classically activated macrophage.
M2	Alternatively activated macrophage.
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase.
MAMs	Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
MDA	Malondialdehyde.
MFN1/2	Mitofusin 1/2.
mPTP	Mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
mtDNA	Mitochondrial DNA.
mtROS	Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
mTOR	Mechanistic target of rapamycin.
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3.
NQO1	NADPH quinone oxidoreductase.
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.
NRF1/2	Nuclear respiratory factor 1/2.
OXPHOS	Oxidative phosphorylation.
p38	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
PFK1	Phosphofructokinase 1.
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha.
PHD	Prolyl hydroxylase.
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
PKCθ	Protein kinase C θ
PP2A	Protein phosphatase 2A.
ROS	Reactive oxygen species.
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid.
SERCA	Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase.
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1.
SOD	Superoxide dismutase.
SOD-1	Superoxide dismutase 1.
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
TCA cycle	Tricarboxylic acid cycle.
TFAM	Mitochondrial transcription factor A.
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4.
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α.
TRX	Thioredoxin.
UCP2	Uncoupling protein 2.
VDAC	Voltage-dependent anion channel.
XBP1	X-box binding protein 1.
XBP1s	Spliced X-box binding protein 1.
ΔΨm	Mitochondrial membrane potential.