2 h PG	2-hour postprandial blood glucose
A. hadrus	Anaerostipes hadrus
A. Muciniphila	Akkermansia. muciniphila
A. soehngenii	Anaerobutyricum soehngenii
ACVD	Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
AHR	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
B. luti	Blautia luti
B. wexlerae	Blautia wexlerae
BMI	Body mass index
BP	Blood pressure
BPB	Butyrate-producing bacteria
BS	Blood sugar
C. butyricum	Clostridium butyricum
C. paraputrificum	Clostridium paraputrificum
CAD	Coronary artery disease
CD14	Cluster of differentiation 14
CFU	Colony-forming unit
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
CKM	Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic
CRP	C-reactive protein
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
CYP1B1	Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1
DBP	Diastolic blood pressure
DKD	Diabetic kidney disease
E. hallii	Eubacterium hallii
E. rectale	Eubacterium rectale
eGFR	estimated glomerular filtration rate
ESRD	End-stage renal disease
F. plautii	Flavonifractor plautii
F. prausnitzii	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
FLI	Fatty liver index
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
GGT	γ-glutamyl transferase
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GPCR	G protein-coupled receptor
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin A1c
HDACs	Histone deacetylases
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HOMA-IR	Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
hs-CRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
I. butyriciproducens	Intestinimonas butyriciproducens
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IR	Insulin resistance
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAGE	Mean amplitude of glycemic excursion
MAM	Microbial anti-inflammatory molecule
MAP	mean arterial blood pressure
MASLD	Metabolic syndrome-associated steatotic liver disease
MODD	Mean of daily differences
MyD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response 88
NaB	Sodium butyrate
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-B
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3
PBF	Percent body fat
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-alpha
R. hominis	Roseburia hominis
R. intestinalis	Roseburia intestinalis
RAAS	Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SBP	Systolic blood pressure
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
TC	Total cholesterol
TG	Triglycerides
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TMAO	Trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
WC	Waist circumference
ZO-1	Zonula occludens-1