Table 8.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants at sixth month postpartum.
| Domain | Group (n = 15) | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Severe delay (≤70) n (%) | Mild delay (71–84) n (%) | Normal (≥85) n (%) | Within-group p-value† | vs. urban control‡ | vs. rural control‡ | vs. respective control§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor development quotient (DMoQ) | Urban control | 89.6 ± 4.2 | 87.27–91.93 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (20.0) | 12 (80.0) | — | — | 0.048* | — |
| Urban supplemented | 102.8 ± 5.1 | 99.98–105.62 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 14 (93.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Rural control | 86.2 ± 4.0 | 83.98–88.42 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) | — | 0.048* | — | — | |
| Rural supplemented | 98.5 ± 4.8 | 95.84–101.16 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 14 (93.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Mental development quotient (DMeQ) | Urban control | 91.1 ± 4.4 | 88.66–93.54 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (86.7) | — | — | 0.046* | — |
| Urban supplemented | 105.3 ± 5.4 | 102.31–108.29 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 14 (93.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Rural control | 87.5 ± 4.2 | 85.17–89.83 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (20.0) | 12 (80.0) | — | 0.046* | — | — | |
| Rural supplemented | 100.4 ± 5.0 | 97.63–103.17 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 14 (93.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 15 infants per group). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated around the mean values. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 6 months postpartum using the Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian Infants (DASII). Development Quotient (DQ) scores were categorized as severe delay (≤70), mild delay (71–84), and normal development (≥85). Group comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. † Within-group comparison against the normative developmental score. ‡ Comparison with Urban Control group. § Comparison with the respective control group within the same geographical setting. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. DASII, developmental assessment scale for Indian infants; DMoQ, motor development quotient; DMeQ, mental development quotient; CI, confidence interval.