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. 2026 Jul 16;15(14):1277. doi: 10.3390/cells15141277
DM Diabetes mellitus
DN Diabetic nephropathy
HSPGs Heparan sulfate proteoglycans
SDC1 Syndecan-1
SDC2 Syndecan-2
SDC3 Syndecan-3
SDC4 Syndecan-4
HS Heparan sulfate
ECM Extracellular matrix
DM1 Diabetes mellitus type 1
DM2 Diabetes mellitus type 2
NDSTs N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferases
NDST1 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1
NDST2 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 2
CTRL Control
2 w 2 weeks
2 m 2 months
pH Lat. potentia hydrogenii
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
DAPI 4′6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole
ANOVA Two-way analysis of variance
pct Proximal convoluted tubules
dct Distal convoluted tubules
g Glomerulus
mRNA Messenger ribonucleic acid
TGF-β Transforming growth factor-beta
IL-1β Interleukin-1 beta
MMP Matrix metalloproteinase
MMP-9 Matrix metalloproteinase-9
ERK1/2 Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2
p38 MAPK p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase
STZ Streptozotocin
IF Immunofluorescence
Ext1 Exostosin glycosyltransferase 1
Ext2 Exostosin glycosyltransferase 2
Glce D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase
NDST3 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 3
NDST4 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 4
Hs2st1 Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1
Hs3st1 Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 1
Hs6st1 Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1
RNA Ribonucleic acid
PCR Polymerase chain reaction