AKT	Refers to three serine/threonine kinases: Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3.
AST	Abbreviation of aspartate aminotransferase.
BRAF (protein)	RAF isoform. Shortened name for BRAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase.
BRAF (proto-oncogene)	The gene that encodes for BRAF.
BRAFi	Abbreviation of BRAF inhibitors.
CDK 4/6	Refers to two cyclin-dependent kinases. An abbreviation of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6.
c-Jun	Transcription factor protein. Shortened name for transcription factor Jun.
c-Raf	RAF isoform. Shortened name for RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase. RAF isoform.
CTLA-4	Abbreviation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4.
dMMR	Referring to a tumor cell’s inability to properly repair DNA damage. Abbreviation of deficient mismatch repair.
DOR	Duration of Response.
ECOG PS	Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status.
ERK 1/2	Refers to two members of the MAPK family. An abbreviation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2.
Fd-7	Receptor protein. Abbreviation of Frizzled-7.
FTI	Abbreviation of farnesyltransferase inhibitors.
GAP	Abbreviation of GTPase-activating protein.
GGT	Abbreviation of gamma-glutamyl transferase.
GGTase-1	Abbreviation of geranylgeranyltranferase-I.
GTPase	An enzyme that binds to guanosine triphosphate and hydrolyzes it, turning the molecule into guanosine diphosphate.
HDACs	A family of enzymes. An abbreviation of histone deacetylases.
HGF	Growth factor protein. Abbreviation of hepatocyte growth factor.
HNSCC	Abbreviation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
HR	Abbreviation of hazard ratio.
HRAS	RAS isoform. Shortened form of Harvey Rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog.
ICIs	Immune checkpoint inhibitors.
IHC	Abbreviation of immunohistochemistry.
JAK2	Refers to both the human gene and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the JAK2 gene. With regard to the protein, JAK2 is an abbreviation of Janus kinase 2.
JNKs	Mitogen-activated protein kinases. Abbreviation of c-Jun terminal kinases.
KRAS	RAS isoform. Shortened form of Kirsten rat sarcoma virus oncogene homolog.
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase.
MAPK	A type of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which includes ERKs, JNKs, and p38s. Abbreviation of mitogen-activated protein kinase.
MEK 1/2	Refers to two dual-specificity kinase enzymes. An abbreviation of dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2.
MEKi	Abbreviation of MEK inhibitors.
MSI-H	Referring to a tumor cell’s inability to properly repair DNA replication errors. Abbreviation of microsatellite instability-high.
mTOR	A regulatory serine-threonine protein kinase. Abbreviation of mechanistic target of rapamycin.
NGS	Next-generation sequencing
NRAS	RAS isoform. Shortened form of neuroblastoma Ras viral oncogene homolog.
OS	Overall survival.
PD-1	Programmed cell death protein 1.
PD-L1	Programmed cell death ligand 1.
PI3Ks	A family of kinase enzymes. Abbreviation of Phosphoinositide 3-kinases.
PFS	Progression-free survival.
PTEN	A tumor suppressor gene. Abbreviation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase.
RAF	A family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Abbreviation of rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma.
RTKs	Receptor tyrosine kinases.
RYKs	Atypical member of the RTK family. Abbreviation of receptor-like tyrosine kinases.
TAZ	A transcriptional regulatory protein. Abbreviation of transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif.
TKIs	Tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
UV	Abbreviation for ultraviolet.
V600E	BRAF gene missense mutation that replaces valine (V) with glutamic acid (E) at amino acid 600.
V600K	BRAF gene missense mutation that replaces valine (V) with lysine (K) at amino acid 600.
Wnt5a	Signaling glycoprotein. Abbreviation of wingless type MMTV integration site family member 5A.
YAP	A transcriptional regulatory protein. Abbreviation of yes-associated protein 1.