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. 2026 Feb 4;54(5):1753–1772. doi: 10.3758/s13421-025-01837-3

Table 1.

Comparison of data sets in prior experiments comparing repeated and unique letters using manipulations of insertions, deletions and/or substitutions

Experiment(s) Subjects Trials per subject per condition Task Key relevant manipulation
Schoonbaert and Grainger (2004) Experiments 1 and 2 44, 40 15 primed LDT, LDT (rejections) Primes/nonwords constructed by deletion of a unique or repeated letter from a word.

Van Assche and Grainger (2006)

Experiments 1a and 1b

40 (20 & 20) 15 primed LDT Primes inserting a unique letter or repeating an adjacent letter.

Van Assche and Grainger (2006)

Experiments 2a and 2b

36 (18 & 18) 15 primed LDT Primes inserting two repetitions of the same adjacent letter or two unique letters.
Norris et al. (2010) Experiment 1 25 20 primed LDT Primes replacing two letters with unique letters or with repetitions of different adjacent letters.
Norris et al. (2010) Experiments 2a and 2b 25, 25 20 primed same-diff. Primes replacing two letters with unique letters or with repetitions of different adjacent letters.
Norris et al. (2010) Experiments 3a and 3b 30, 30 20 primed same-diff., primed LDT Primes with deletion of a unique or repeated letter.
Trifonova and Adelman (2022) Experiment 1 96 88 2AFC identification Foils created by deletion or insertion of a unique or non-adjacent repeated letter.
Trifonova and Adelman (2022) Experiments 2 and 3 64, 72 22, 58 primed same-diff.,primed same-diff. Primes created by deletion or insertion of a unique or non-adjacent repeated letter.
Kerr et al. (2021) 36, 40 50, 25 LDT (rejections) Nonwords constructed by insertion of a unique or non-adjacent repeated letter to a base word
Current Experiments 1, 2 and 3 80, 88, 72 36

primed LDT, LDT (rejections)

primed same-diff.

Primes/nonwords created by deletion or insertion of a unique or non-adjacent repeated letter of a word.

Note: Studies are listed in chronological order of data collection rather than eventual publication