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. 2026 Jul 28;16:23405. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50708-7

Table 2.

Soil Chemical and Physical Characteristics Across Land-Use Types (0–10 cm Depth).

Soil parameters	Land-use type				Pr(> F)
Soil parameters	Fallow	Forest	Maize	Rice
EC	395.21^a	345.4^a	324.89^a	141.02^b	2.27e^− 06*
pH	5.73^b	5.47^c	5.66^b	6.01^a	2e^{− 16 *}
Phosphorus (mg kg^− 1)	7.62^c	15.04^a	12.25^b	7.1^c	2e^{− 16 *}
TN (%)	0.19^b	0.23^a	0.11^c	0.1^c	2e^{− 16 *}
Ava. P (mg kg^− 1)	47.06^b	86.58^a	0.13^c	0.1^c	2e^{− 16 *}
Organic matter (%)	3.48^a	3.19^b	1.56^d	2.48^c	2e^{− 16 *}
Bulk density (g cm^− 3)	1.24^b	1.25^b	1.39^a	1.4^a	2e^{− 16 *}
sand (%)	77.53^b	88.75^a	77.7^b	77.65^b	2e^{− 16 *}
clay (%)	8.89^c	4^d	11.18^a	10.36^b	2e^{− 16 *}
silt (%)	13.57^a	7.26^c	11.12^b	11.99^b	2e^{− 16 *}
Texture	Sandy loam	Sand	Sandy loam	Sandy loam

Note: Electrical conductivity (EC, µS cm^-1), soil acidity (pH), Total nitrogen (TN, %), Available phosphorus (Ava. P, mg kg^-1)