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. 2026 May 21;16:23344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48956-8

Table 4.

Non-linear adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) parameters for MB and Pb2+ adsorption on studied samples.

Models Parameters Pollutants
MB Pb(II)
Langmuir qm (mg/g) 94.34 249.71
KL (L/mg) 0.06 5.11
r2 0.84 0.93
Freundlich KF (mg(1−n)Ln/g) 13.21 160.54
n 2.28 6.92
r2 0.91 0.88
Temkin AT (L/g) 1.90 392.55
BT 14.08 28.04
r2 0.83 0.92
Dubinin-Radushkevich qm (mg/g) 70.24 244.62
E (KJ/mol) 0.16 3.93
r2 0.68 0.92