Table 3.
Summary of water temperatures by breeding site characteristics across the four study locations.
| Ecological zone and study location | Terai Chitwan (urban) ≤ 200 m | Mid-Hills Kathmandu (urban) 1300-1400 m | Mid-Hills Bhaktapur (rural) 1300-1400 m | Mountain Lalitpur (rural) > 1600 m | Overall | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperatures (temp) | Mean temp (SE) | No. of sites | Mean temp (SE) | No. of sites | Mean temp (SE) | No. of sites | Mean temp (SE) | No. Of sites | Mean temp (SE) | No. of sites |
| Breeding site characteristics | ||||||||||
| Material | ||||||||||
| Plastic | 27.8 (0.5) | 25 | 23.5 (0.4) | 40 | 23.6 (0.8) | 15 | 24.0 (0.7) | 28 | 24.6 (0.3)a | 108 |
| Metal/tin | 28.3 (3.0) | 2 | 23.9 (2.0) | 2 | 24.7 (0.9) | 11 | 23.6 (1.4) | 8 | 24.6 (0.7) | 23 |
| Rubber tyre | 25.2 (1.1) | 7 | 19.9 (0.3) | 4 | 23.4 (0.6) | 3 | 18.4 (0.1) | 3 | 22.4 (0.8) | 17 |
| Other | 25.5 (1.8) | 2 | 23.4 (0.4) | 4 | 21.8 (1.0) | 9 | 22.8 (1.0) | 8 | 22.7 (0.6) | 23 |
| Anova p-values | p = 0.168 | p = 0.055 | p = 0.183 | p = 0.072 | p = 0.012* | |||||
| Colour | ||||||||||
| Dark | 27.1 (0.7) | 23 | 23.5 (0.5) | 34 | 22.0 (0.6) | 15 | 23.3 (0.6) | 33 | 24.0 (0.3) | 105 |
| Light | 27.3 (0.7) | 13 | 22.7 (0.6) | 16 | 24.4 (0.6) | 23 | 23.4 (1.2) | 14 | 24.4 (0.4) | 66 |
| Anova p-value | p= 0.852 | p = 0.303 | p = 0.014* | p = 0.905 | p = 0.499 | |||||
| Size | ||||||||||
| Small | 27.3 (0.7) | 20 | 22.5 (0.5) | 10 | 24.4 (0.5) | 18 | 24.6 (1.2) | 13 | 25.1 (0.5)c | 61 |
| Medium | 26.9 (0.7) | 15 | 22.5 (0.5) | 21 | 22.8 (0.6) | 15 | 23.0 (0.9) | 17 | 23.7 (0.4) | 68 |
| Large | 29.1 (—) | 1 | 24.3 (0.7)b | 19 | 22.2 (1.5) | 5 | 22.8 (0.7) | 17 | 23.6 (0.5) | 42 |
| Anova p-value | p = 0.733 | p = 0.042* | p = 0.163 | p = 0.332 | p = 0.023* | |||||
| Debris | ||||||||||
| Debris ≤ 50% | 27.1 (0.6) | 25 | 23.5 (0.4) | 38 | 24.0 (0.6) | 24 | 23.4 (0.7) | 31 | 24.4 (0.3) | 118 |
| Debris > 50% | 27.3 (0.8) | 11 | 22.4 | 12 | 22.6 (0.7) | 14 | 23.2 (0.8) | 16 | 23.7 (0.4) | 53 |
| Anova p-value | p = 0.920 | p = 0.193 | p = 0.146 | p = 0.864 | p = 0.245 | |||||
| Sunlight | ||||||||||
| Sunlight ≤ 50% | 25.7 (0.8) | 14 | 22.1 (0.3) | 29 | 23.6 (0.3) | 15 | 21.6 (0.6) | 6 | 23.2 (0.3) | 64 |
| Sunlight > 50% | 28.1 (0.6) | 22 | 24.7 (0.6) | 21 | 23.4 (0.8) | 23 | 23.6 (0.6) | 41 | 24.7 (0.4) | 107 |
| Anova | p = 0.017* | p < 0.001** | p = 0.848 | p = 0.202 | p = 0.005* | |||||
* Significant at the 0.05 level.
** Significant at the 0.01 level.
Tukey HSD results.
a. Plastic breeding site water temperatures significantly higher than rubber (p = 0.046) and other (p = 0.05).
b. Large breeding site water temperatures not significantly higher than medium sized breeding sites (p = 0.055).
c. Small breeding site water temperatures significantly higher than medium (p = 0.029) and large (p = 0.047) breeding sites.