Abbreviations	Details	Abbreviations	Details
HKT1	High-affinity K+ Transporter 1	TPS	Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase
SOS1	Salt overly sensitive 1	ProDH	Proline dehydrogenase
AVP1	Arabidopsis vacuolar h+-pyrophosphatase 1	LEA	Late embryogenesis abundant
NHX	Na+/H+ antiporter	SOD	Superoxide dismutase
NCLX	Na+/Ca2+ exchanger	CAT	Catalase
STOP1	Sensitive to proton rhizotoxicity 1	PIP	Plasma membrane intrinsic protein
OsHKT2;1	Oryza sativa high-affinity K+ transporter 2;1	GBSS1	Granule bound starch synthase 1
GmNAC06	Glycine max NAC transcription factor 06	SD1	Semi-dwarf 1
OsRR22	Oryza sativa response regulator 22	Wx	Waxy gene
ALEX1	Awakening of lineage-specific expression 1 (LncRNA)	LAIR	Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase associated LncRNA in rice
CRISPR	Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats	PVA	Polyvinyl alcohol
Cas9	CRISPR-associated protein 9	PEI	Polyethyleneimine
RNP	Ribonucleoprotein	PLL	Poly-L-Lysine
sgRNA	Single guide RNA	PLGA	Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
pDNA	Plasmid DNA	LDH	Layered double hydroxide
mRNA	Messenger RNA	LbL	Layer by layer
lncRNA	Long non-coding RNA	DSB	Double strand break
siRNA	Small interfering RNA	GMO	Genetically modified organism
dsRNA	Double-stranded RNA	ROS	Reactive oxygen species
miRNA	MicroRNA	MDA	Malondialdehyde
RNAi	RNA interference	PSII	Photosystem II
RISC	RNA induced silencing complex	Fv/Fm	Maximum quantum efficiency of PSII
SIGS	Spray induced gene silencing	G	Guluronic acid (α-L-guluronic acid)
WUE	Water use efficiency	M:G ratio	Mannuronic to Guluronic acid ratio
NUE	Nutrient use efficiency	CMC	Carboxymethyl cellulose
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide	CNF	Cellulose nanofiber
M	Mannuronic acid (β-D-mannuronic acid)	CP/MAS	Cross polarization magic angle spinning
LCST	Lower critical solution temperature	PFG-NMR	Pulsed field gradient NMR
IPEC	Interpolyelectrolyte complex	GPC	Gel permeation chromatography
PEG	Polyethylene glycol	SEC	Size exclusion chromatography
MSN	Mesoporous silica nanoparticle	MALS	Multi angle light scattering
MNPs	Magnetic nanoparticles	RI	Refractive Index
NPs	Nanoparticles	FTIR	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
EV	Extracellular vesicle	ATR-FTIR	Attenuated total reflectance FTIR
NMR	Nuclear magnetic resonance	XRD	X-ray Diffraction
MAS-NMR	Magic angle spinning NMR	XPS	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
TEM	Transmission electron microscopy	CD	Circular dichroism
Cryo-SEM/TEM	Cryogenic SEM/TEM	SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
FEG	Field emission gun	SANS	Small angle neutron scattering
CLSM	Confocal laser scanning microscopy	Micro-CT	Micro computed tomography
FRAP	Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching	BET	Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (surface area analysis)
SAXS	Small angle X-ray scattering	BJH	Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (pore distribution)
DLS	Dynamic light scattering	ICP-MS	Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
NTA	Nanoparticle tracking analysis	Mw	Weight-average molecular weight
AFM	Atomic force microscopy	Mn	Number average molecular weight
FRET	Förster resonance energy transfer	PDI	Polydispersity index
ToF-SIMS	Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry	Rg	Radius of gyration
QCM-D	Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation	Lp	Persistence length
EDS/EDX	Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy	ξ	Mesh size
STEM	Scanning transmission electron microscopy	CI	Crystallinity index
DSC	Differential scanning calorimetry	FWHM	Full width at half maximum
ICP-OES	Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy	G′	Storage modulus
D	Diffusion coefficient	G″	Loss modulus
Τ	Tortuosity	tan δ	Loss tangent
Kd	Partition coefficient	E	Elastic/Young’s modulus
ζ	Zeta potential	Q	Swelling ratio
pI	Isoelectric point	EWC	Equilibrium water content
ρx	Crosslink density	TYLCV	Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
EE	Encapsulation efficiency	LCA	Life cycle analysis
Dh	Hydrodynamic diameter	dS m−1	Deci-Siemens per meter (electrical conductivity)
Tg	Glass transition temperature	CME	Clathrin mediated endocytosis
Tm	Melting temperature	EDTA	Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
N/P ratio	Nitrogen to phosphate ratio	EDDHA	Ethylenediamine-N, N′-bis (2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)
NPK	Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium	TMV	Tobacco mosaic virus