Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios (95 %CI) of potential predicators for diabetes by DM-Belt regions.
| non-DM Belt | DM Belt | Test for | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95 %CI) | p-value | OR | (95 %CI) | p-value | interaction | |
| Race/ethnicity (Ref: NH White) | 0.035 | ||||||
| NH Black | 1.82 | (1.64–2.02) | < 0.001 | 1.54 | (1.39–1.71) | < 0.001 | |
| Others | 1.85 | (1.70–2.02) | < 0.001 | 1.47 | (1.25–1.73) | < 0.001 | |
| Urban | 0.034 | ||||||
| Yes vs. no | 1.02 | (0.94–1.10) | 0.70 | 0.93 | (0.84–1.03) | 0.15 | |
| Health insurance | 0.78 | ||||||
| Yes vs. no | 1.46 | (1.28–1.66) | < 0.001 | 1.39 | (1.16–1.67) | < 0.001 | |
| Education (Ref: <HS) | 0.78 | ||||||
| HS | 0.80 | (0.68–0.96) | 0.01 | 0.79 | (0.59–1.05) | 0.10 | |
| Associate | 0.81 | (0.68–0.96) | 0.018 | 0.79 | (0.59–1.07) | 0.13 | |
| ≥ College | 0.69 | (0.57–0.82) | < 0.001 | 0.62 | (0.45–0.84) | 0.002 | |
| Test for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Household income (Ref: < [20]K) | 0.70 | ||||||
| 20 K - 34 K | 0.70 | (0.63–0.77) | < 0.001 | 0.76 | (0.67–0.86) | < 0.001 | |
| 35 K - 74 K | 0.59 | (0.54–0.65) | < 0.001 | 0.62 | (0.55–0.70) | < 0.001 | |
| ≥ 75 K | 0.48 | (0.44–0.53) | < 0.001 | 0.50 | (0.43–0.57) | < 0.001 | |
| Test for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2, (Ref 18.5–24) | 0.39 | ||||||
| < 18.5 | 0.80 | (0.58–1.10) | 0.16 | 0.59 | (0.41–0.85) | 0.005 | |
| 25–29 | 1.84 | (1.68–2.02) | < 0.001 | 1.93 | (1.68–2.21) | < 0.001 | |
| ≥ 30 | 4.58 | (4.20–5.00) | < 0.001 | 4.23 | (3.70–4.83) | < 0.001 | |
| Test for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Smoking (Ref: No) | 0.33 | ||||||
| Formerly smoked | 1.18 | (1.10–1.26) | < 0.001 | 1.13 | (1.03–1.24) | 0.01 | |
| Currently smoked | 1.13 | (1.03–1.23) | 0.01 | 1.05 | (0.93–1.19) | 0.41 | |
| Test for trend | < 0.001 | 0.24 | |||||
| Veg/fruit (Ref: < [1] serving/d) | 0.025 | ||||||
| 1–2 Servings/d | 0.98 | (0.89–1.07) | 0.66 | 0.98 | (0.87–1.10) | 0.74 | |
| 3 Servings/d | 1.04 | (0.93–1.15) | 0.53 | 1.13 | (0.98–1.30) | 0.09 | |
| ≥ 4–5 Servings / d | 0.89 | (0.80–0.99) | 0.032 | 1.02 | (0.89–1.17) | 0.79 | |
| Test for trend | 0.023 | 0.30 | |||||
| Physical activity (Ref: inactive) | 0.94 | ||||||
| Insufficiently active | 0.93 | (0.85–1.01) | 0.086 | 0.92 | (0.82–1.05) | 0.21 | |
| Active | 0.75 | (0.69–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.82 | (0.71–0.95) | 0.01 | |
| High active | 0.67 | (0.62–0.72) | < 0.001 | 0.64 | (0.58–0.71) | < 0.001 | |
| Test for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Chronic conditions | |||||||
| H-TC (yes vs. no) | 2.27 | (2.13–2.43) | < 0.001 | 2.21 | (2.02–2.42) | < 0.001 | 0.28 |
| HTN (yes vs. no) | 2.52 | (2.35–2.70) | < 0.001 | 2.33 | (2.11–2.58) | < 0.001 | 0.12 |
NH White: Non-Hispanic White. BMI: Body mass index. Veg/fruit: Vegetable or fruit intake/day. H-TC: Hypercholesterolemia. HTN: Hypertension.
OR: Odds ratios were estimated using SAS Proc Survey logistic regression procedures.
Full adjusted age, sex, and factors in the Table, adjusted each other, except for H-TC and HTN because they were potential mediators.
Test interaction effect of individual factors and DM Belt (yes vs. non) on DM Risk. Interaction term = factor*DM Belt.