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. 2026 Jul 22;15(14):5749. doi: 10.3390/jcm15145749
ACEi angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors
ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers
ARNI angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor
cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate
GDMT guideline-directed medical therapy
HF heart failure
HFmrEF heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction
HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
HFrEF heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
LA left atrium
KCCQ Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire
MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
NO–sGC–cGMP nitric oxide–soluble guanylate cyclase–cyclic guanosine monophosphate
NT-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
sGC soluble guanylate cyclase
SGLT2 sodium–glucose cotransporter 2