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. 2026 Jul 22;19(14):3152. doi: 10.3390/ma19143152
EBSD Electron backscatter diffraction
FCC Face-centered cubic
FE Finite element
GND Geometrically necessary dislocation
HAGB High-angle grain boundary
IPF Inverse pole figure
KAM Kernel average misorientation
K–M Kocks–Mecking
LAGB Low-angle grain boundary
MAGB Medium-angle grain boundary
ND Normal direction
ODF Orientation distribution function
OM Optical microscopy
PEEQ Equivalent plastic strain
RD Rolling direction
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
SPIF Single-point incremental forming
SSD Statistically stored dislocation
TD Transverse direction
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
VPSC Viscoplastic self-consistent
WEDM Wire electrical discharge machining
Symbols
σ True stress in the strain-hardening regime
σs Saturation flow stress
εp Equivalent plastic strain corresponding to PEEQ
A Voce hardening parameter controlling the initial offset from saturation stress
B Voce hardening parameter controlling the saturation rate
ρ SSD density
b Magnitude of the Burgers vector
γ Equivalent shear strain
M Taylor factor
ρ0 Initial SSD density
α Dislocation interaction coefficient
G Shear modulus
a Lattice parameter of FCC aluminum
ρsat Saturated SSD density
ρGND GND density
ρKAM Average KAM value in radians