Table 2.
NOS-based quality appraisal of the included studies.
| Study included | Study design | Newcastle-Ottawa Scale | Overall quality assessment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection | Comparability | Outcome | |||
| Chang (2024) | Case–control | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
| Huang (2024) | Case–control | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
| Yang (2022) | Case–control | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| Zhao et al. (2025) | Case–control | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
| Yao et al. (2025) | Case–control | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| Wang et al. (2022) | Case–control | 4 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| Sun et al. (2023) | Case–control | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| Manzoor et al. (2025) | Case–control | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| He et al. (2024) | Case–control | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| Manzoor et al. (2024) | Case–control | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| Zheng et al. (2026) | Case–control | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |