Table 1.

A summary of reviewed studies.

Author	Setting/design	Aim	Main findings	Recommendations
Haughton et al. (21)	In-depth interviews USA	To encourage Latina women who attend church to engage in moderate-to-intense physical activity.	Faith-based health promotion programs can be scaled up through four promising implementation strategies: (1) training pastors and staff on health behavior change; (2) customized messaging; (3) community collaborations; and (4) denominational support.	-It is necessary to identify and comprehend certain implementation obstacles and enablers. -Improving program implementation and paving the road for scale-up and diffusion can be achieved by addressing these obstacles at the adopter and organizational levels through focused implementation methods.
Hoekstra et al. (22)	Longitudinal data Netherlands	To shed light on how variations in the fidelity trajectories of health promotion program's delivery in multiple disciplines relate to advances in patients’ health behavior.	-The conditions of the local organization determine the trajectory of effective implementation fidelity. -Maintaining the program's uniform straightforward components, involving the limited number of physicians throughout the process, and realizing a localized change vision were all necessary to achieve stable high implementation fidelity.	It suggests that while expanding evidence-based health promotion initiatives, implementation conflicts should be managed according to the initial status, size, and situation of local organizations.
Marshall et al. (23)	Discrete intervention components Australia	To take a look at changes for scaling up, it maps and contrasts the distinct intervention components of the scaled-up version and the original randomized controlled trial.	Reducing the number of sessions, expanding the range of experts leading the groups, substituting tangible instruments and hard-copy materials with a mobile app for parents, and expanding the content were some of the main changes made to the delivery model during scale-up.	-As the randomized controlled trial was expanded, it offered crucial insight into what and why the intervention's components were changed. -Analyzing these intervention changes offers crucial information on outcome impacts, the viability of scaling up, and how to best apply strategies for population-level assistances.
Fichtner et al. (24)	Randomized controlled Trial Germany	To assess the 12-week multimodal web-based PA program's efficacy.	It draws attention to the possibility of digital interventions in reducing physical inactivity, implying that the quality and applicability of the information offered may be just as important to these programs’ success as their interactivity.	Optimization measures for such treatments, particularly for people with low PA, such as user engagement, behavior modification strategies, and the incorporation of objective PA tracking approaches, require more investigation.
Maher et al. (25)	Randomized Controlled Trial Australia	To assess an online social networking physical exercise intervention's viability, effectiveness, and engagement.	-Self-reported weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) served as the main outcome measure. -Weekly walking, time spent engaging in vigorous and moderate physical activity, overall quality of life, and mental health quality of life were secondary outcomes. -Random-effects mixed modeling was used for the analyses, taking into consideration possible team-level clustering. -In order to assess feasibility and engagement, usage statistics were presented in a descriptive manner.	Significant short-term increases in physical activity can be achieved by an online social networking physical activity intervention using pedometers.
Scheffey et al. (26)	STEP together trial USA	To test wearable technology combined with social incentives to promote physical activity among families in the Philadelphia area, the study's design and baseline participant characteristics are described.	-Interventions that combine wearable technology with social incentive techniques based on behavioral science may be scalable, long-lasting, and successful. -A sizable community-based experiment called STEP Together is evaluating gamification and charitable contributions as tactics to encourage families in the Philadelphia region to walk more each day.	-It adds to the increasing amount of data regarding scalable, successful methods for encouraging people and families to involve in more physical exercise on a daily basis.
Hasson et al. (27)	A quasi-mixed methods approach USA	To: (1) provide techniques for methodically identifying implementation impediments at the organization and system levels; and (2) connect organizational priorities and system policies through the construction of multi-level implementation strategies.	Three implementation obstacles were identified: a lack of structural capacity to support teacher training, a lack of resources across districts and school buildings to assist teachers, and a misalignment of the policies and priorities of the district PA and the intermediate school district.	To ensure that PA interventions are implemented and sustained effectively, more focus should be placed on organizational capability and the infrastructure that is already in place.
Lyons et al. (28)	A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial USA	To assess an intervention's viability, acceptability, and impact on physical activity.	The population found the intervention to be both practicable and acceptable. The impact sizes were comparable to those observed with other wearable electronic activity monitors, suggesting that wearable activity monitors may be a useful tool for promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior when paired with telephone counseling.	These systems exhibit potential as scalable, reasonably priced ways to deliver evidence-based behavior modification strategies. More research is required to fully comprehend how and why monitoring strategies could promote physical activity.
Hicks et al. (29)	Perspective article USA	To offer interdisciplinary advice on how mobile technology should be developed and used in order to encourage actions that benefit general health.	In addition to assessing the connections between mobile technology data and health in order to develop evidence-based procedures, it advances the personalization of interventions to an individual and their social, cultural, and contexts.	It advances the application of human-centered, tailored, and theory-based strategies for encouraging healthy behaviors.
Pynnönenet al. (30)	A two-arm single-blinded randomized control trial Finland.	To investigate if modifications to theory-based constructs could be responsible for a shift in activity level through secondary analysis	The variation in activity frequency was directly described by baseline attitude and attitude changes in the improved integrated model. Indirect routes that were statistically significant were found between baseline autonomous motivation and baseline attitude, as well as between activity frequency and changes in attitude.	Significant change paths were identified by the improved integrated model, which emphasized autonomous motivation and attitudes as important change constructs.
Nettlefold et al. (31)	A cluster randomized controlled trial Canada	To (1) outline strategies that facilitated implementation and scale-up; (2) assess implementation [the delivery of physical activity (PA) by teachers] and students’ PA and CRF; and (3) examine the connections between implementation at the teacher level and student-level findings.	With continued assistance from the government and school-community stakeholders, whole-of-school PA interventions can be scaled up and maintained over a longer period of time (>10 years). Implementation resource teams must come up with innovative strategies to maintain the advantages of expanded school-based health-promoting activities in order to enhance population-level student health, despite several obstacles. A key component of scale-up success is support units with existing relationships to schools, which are made up of researchers, government stakeholders, and practitioners from the school community.	To improve student health at the population level, we need to think of innovative approaches to sustain scaled-up health-promoting programs.
Tan et al. (32)	Structured FPT program Singapore	To examine the viability and possible impact of a 12-week organized Functional Power Training (FPT) program for older individuals with high velocities and low loads.	It indicates that completing an organized 12-week high-volume, moderate-intensity FPT exercise program is both possible and safe for frail and prefrail older individuals living in the community. A larger multisite randomized control study could be conducted to assess the program's efficacy in conjunction with a health promotion social enterprise and a site-based community service provider.	For frail elderly people, community-based structured FPT is safe, practical, and has the potential to enhance function and reverse frailty status.
Wong et al. (33)	Pilot evaluation Hong Kong	To examine whether children's psychosocial wellbeing, level of physical activity (PA), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were improved by the Family Move app-based intervention.	The study offers initial proof that a mobile app-based intervention that incorporates basic parent-child activity techniques with gaming components may encourage PA and lessen children's psychological issues. It can be joyful and enjoyable to exercise with parents and kids using a points and level system, which may further improve the likelihood that the intervention will be successful. In order to disentangle the intervention mechanism, this study also demonstrates how to evaluate participants’ level of adherence to the intervention using points.	Through parent-child activity, the Family Move app may be a potential intervention to raise children's PA level and psychosocial wellness.
Koorts et al. (15)	Multidisciplinary two-day workshop Australia	To investigate the obstacles and enablers decision-makers encounter while scaling interventions that are unrelated to official scale-up research trials.	It addresses some of the paradoxes (things that go against expectations) and scale-up tensions (difficulties and conflicts) that emerged from this workshop in light of the most current research and experiences in this part. Scale-up conflicts are framed in terms of partnerships, time, methodology, and epistemology; paradoxes are described as “reach without scale,” “planned serendipity,” and “simple complexity.”	It proposes strategies for promoting physical activity in the future and advances knowledge of the dynamics of research-practice partnerships.
Leeman et al. (34)	Multiphase approach USA	To explain how stakeholders were involved in developing plans to expand the Med-South Lifestyle Program through a multi-phase process	Among other factors, inadequate staffing, conflicting consequences, and protection anxieties during COVID-19 were determinants of scale-up. Tailoring produced two tiers of strategies for execution. At the delivery system level, strategies included implementation teams, plan, and periodic minor testing of change. Technical assistance, training, instructional materials, and quality monitoring were all part of the support system level strategies. With conflicting results on faithfulness, it offers proof of the implementation strategies’ feasibility, tolerability, and reach.	With an emphasis on adapting two-level implementation strategies, it demonstrates how a multiphase approach was employed to get ready for the statewide scale-up of a health intervention. Planning for the scale-up of interventions athwart various delivery and care systems could be done using this method.