| NUE | Nitrogen use efficiency |
| DM | Dry matter |
| DMI | Dry matter intake |
| TMR | Total mixed ration |
| EE | Ether extract |
| NDF | Neutral detergent fiber |
| ADF | Acid detergent fiber |
| GE | Gross energy |
| NEL | Net energy for lactation |
| RUP | Rumen-undegradable protein |
| MCP | Microbial crude protein |
| VFA | Volatile fatty acid |
| NH3-N | Ammonia nitrogen |
| SCC | Somatic cell count |
| SEM | Standard error of the mean |
| EAA | Essential amino acid |
| NEAA | Non-essential amino acid |
| AA | Amino acids |
| Arg | Arginine |
| His | Histidine |
| Ile | Isoleucine |
| Leu | Leucine |
| Lys | Lysine |
| Met | Methionine |
| Phe | Phenylalanine |
| Thr | Threonine |
| Val | Valine |
| Ala | Alanine |
| Asp | Aspartic acid |
| Cys | Cysteine |
| Glu | Glutamic acid |
| Gly | Glycine |
| Pro | Proline |
| Ser | Serine |
| Tyr | Tyrosine |