TABLE 2.
Between-group differences in plantar pressure parameters (Δ post–pre).
| Plantar pressure parameters | Robot-assisted training group (n = 21) | Control group (n = 21) | Mean diff (95% CI) | Effect size | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Delta | Pre | Post | Delta | ||||
| Heel contact area (AHIB, cm2) | 8.14 ± 0.74 | 8.67 ± 1.01 | 0.52 ± 1.33 | 8.69 ± 0.89 | 8.22 ± 0.93 | -0.45 ± 1.13 | 0.98 [0.21, 1.75] | 0.79 | 0.014* |
| Forefoot contact area (JQRK, cm2) | 8.05 ± 1.18 | 7.54 ± 0.84 | -0.51 ± 1.12 | 7.56 ± 0.77 | 7.86 ± 0.96 | 0.30 ± 0.98 | -0.81[-1.47, -0.16] | -0.77 | 0.016* |
| Forefoot peak pressure (ETJF, %) | 10.64 ± 1.99 | 10.17 ± 1.77 | -0.49 ± 2.53 | 10.20 ± 1.86 | 11.34 ± 2.02 | 1.13 ± 1.98 | -1.62[-3.04, -0.20] | -0.71 | 0.026* |
Values are presented as Mean ± SD.
*p < 0.05.
Independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test on change score (Δ = post – pre).
Mean diff = mean difference between groups; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval of the mean difference.
Effect sizes were calculated using rank-based effect size or Cohen’s d.