Table 2.
Factors affecting plasma carotenoids and α-tocopherol (Cameroon study, n 592)
| Total carotenoids | α-carotene | β-carotene | Lycopene | Lutein + zeaxanthin | α-tocopherol | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarkers (µmol/l) | β-coefficient | 95 % CI | β-coefficient | 95 % CI | β-coefficient | 95 % CI | β-coefficient | 95 % CI | β-coefficient | 95 % CI | β-coefficient | 95 % CI |
| Age (10 years) | 0·60 | 0·30, 0·90 | 0·10 | 0·05, 0·20 | 0·20 | 0·09, 0·30 | 0·07 | –0·009, 0·20 | 0·05 | 0·03, 0·07 | 1·8 | 1·3, 2·3 |
| Men | –0·89 | –1·37, –0·40 | –0·16 | –0·28, –0·04 | –0·40 | –0·55, –0·24 | 0·11 | –0·03, 0·25 | –0·02 | –0·06, 0·01 | –1·29 | –2·16, –0·44 |
| Urban (v. rural) | 0·75 | 0·28, 1·23 | 0·22 | 0·10, 0·33 | 0·49 | 0·12, 0·98 | 0·50 | 0·37, 0·63 | 0·11 | 0·07, 0·14 | 1·57 | 0·70, 2·44 |
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| < Primary school (ref) | ||||||||||||
| Primary school | 0·96 | 0·31, 1·61 | 0·24 | 0·09, 0·40 | 0·27 | 0·06, 0·48 | 0·32 | 0·13, 0·51 | 0·07 | 0·03, 0·11 | 1·23 | –0·01, 2·48 |
| Secondary school | 0·99 | 0·27, 1·72 | 0·24 | 0·06, 0·41 | 0·27 | 0·05, 0·49 | 0·62 | 0·41, 0·83 | 0·11 | 0·06, 0·16 | 2·71 | 1·25, 4·17 |
| University | 1·57 | 0·76, 2·37 | 0·39 | 0·19, 0·60 | 0·46 | 0·20, 0·71 | 0·79 | 0·56, 1·03 | 0·13 | 0·07, 0·18 | 2·27 | 0·80, 3·74 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never (ref) | ||||||||||||
| Former | –0·23 | –0·95, 0·49 | –0·04 | –0·22, 0·14 | –0·02 | –0·25, 0·20 | –0·17 | –0·36, 0·02 | –0·03 | –0·08, 0·03 | –0·27 | –1·56, 1·01 |
| Current | –0·97 | –1·78, –0·16 | –0·22 | –0·44, –0·003 | –0·41 | –0·75, –0·08 | –0·41 | –0·74, –0·08 | –0·05 | –0·11, 0·006 | –1·06 | –2·66, 0·54 |
| Alcohol | ||||||||||||
| Never (ref) | ||||||||||||
| Former | 0·29 | –0·71, 1·29 | 0·09 | –0·16, 0·34 | 0·06 | –0·21, 0·34 | –0·04 | –0·34, 0·26 | 0·04 | –0·06, 0·14 | –0·56 | –2·43, 1·31 |
| Current | 0·24 | –0·43, 0·92 | 0·14 | –0·03, 0·31 | 0·08 | –0·13, 0·29 | –0·19 | –0·38, 0·01 | –0·02 | –0·08, 0·05 | –1·31 | –2·59, –0·03 |
| Marital stat | ||||||||||||
| Single (ref) | ||||||||||||
| Married | 0·29 | 0·96, 2·61 | 0·10 | –0·06, 0·26 | 0·16 | –0·03, 0·35 | 0·01 | –0·17, 0·20 | 0·03 | –0·008, 0·07 | 0·66 | –0·41, 1·72 |
| Separated | 0·22 | –1·29, 1·72 | 0·06 | –0·29, 0·41 | 0·02 | –0·48, 0·51 | –0·47 | –0·99, 0·06 | –0·02 | –0·12, 0·08 | –1·67 | –4·83, 1·48 |
| Widow | –0·007 | –1·13, 1·13 | 0·03 | –0·25, 0·31 | 0·09 | –0·25, 0·43 | –0·40 | –0·77, –0·04 | 0·003 | –0·08, 0·08 | 0·04 | –2·19, 2·27 |
| Season | ||||||||||||
| Long dry (ref) | ||||||||||||
| Light rain | 1·78 | 0·96, 2·61 | 0·39 | 0·19, 0·58 | 0·41 | 0·22, 0·61 | –0·06 | –0·27, 0·15 | 0·13 | 0·07, 0·18 | –0·66 | –1·91, 0·60 |
| Short dry | 0·53 | 0·004, 1·05 | 0·09 | –0·05, 0·22 | –0·01 | –0·16, 0·14 | –0·04 | –0·06, 0·15 | 0·09 | 0·05, 0·13 | –0·42 | –1·44, 0·61 |
| Heavy rain | –1·01 | –1·60, –0·41 | –0·24 | –0·40, –0·08 | –0·34 | –0·56, –0·11 | –0·36 | –0·58, –0·14 | –0·05 | –0·09, –0·02 | –1·91 | –3·30, –0·53 |
| Fruit (times/week) | 0·04 | –0·03, 0·11 | 0·01 | –0·006, 0·03 | 0·01 | –0·008, 0·03 | –0·04 | –0·06, –0·02 | –0·002 | –0·01, 0·003 | –0·16 | –0·29, –0·04 |
| Vegetable (times/week) |
0·12 | 0·05, 0·18 | 0·03 | 0·02, 0·05 | 0·04 | 0·02, 0·06 | –0·06 | –0·07, –0·04 | –0·001 | –0·005, 0·003 | –0·22 | –0·33, –0·11 |
| PAEE (MJ/kg/d) | 1·08 | –9·7, 11·8 | 1·04 | –1·63, 3·72 | 2·82 | –0·04, 5·70 | –6·87 | –9·75, –4·0 | –2·1 | –4·31, 0·30 | –39·0 | –58·4, –19·6 |
| Objective sedentary time (h/d) | 0·05 | –0·05, 0·15 | 0·0007 | –0·002, 0·004 | –0·02 | –0·04, 0·01 | 0·04 | 0·01, 0·07 | 0·02 | –0·003, 0·04 | 0·23 | 0·05, 0·41 |
| Objective LPA (h/d) | –0·12 | –0·27, 0·03 | –0·003 | –0·007, 0·001 | –0·008 | –0·05, 0·03 | –0·03 | –0·07, 0·01 | –0·008 | –0·02, 0·003 | –0·07 | –0·33, 0·19 |
| Objective MVPA (h/d) |
0·03 | –0·13, 0·18 | 0·002 | –0·002, 0·007 | 0·05 | 0·001, 0·09 | –0·07 | –0·11, –0·03 | –0·03 | –0·07, 0·006 | –0·60 | –89, –0·30 |
| GPAQ PAEE (MJ/kg/d) |
5·75 | 2·76, 8·74 | 1·68 | 0·96, 2·39 | 2·22 | 1·49, 0·2·95 | –1·92 | –2·63, –1·21 | –0·66 | –1·24, –0·08 | –11·5 | –16·9, –6·13 |
| GPAQ work | 0·08 | 0·04, 0·12 | 0·001 | 0·0006, 0·003 | 0·03 | 0·02, 0·04 | –0·03 | –0·04, –0·02 | –0·01 | –0·02, –0·003 | –0·14 | –0·22, –0·06 |
| GPAQ leisure | –0·07 | –0·21, 0·06 | –0·0001 | –0·0003, 0·0007 | –0·007 | –0·05, 0·04 | 0·03 | –0·004, 0·06 | 0·02 | –0·009, 0·05 | –0·14 | –0·47, 0·19 |
| GPAQ travel | 0·25 | 0·08, 0·42 | 0·0003 | 0·0001, 0·0005 | 0·10 | 0·05, 0·15 | –0·10 | –0·14, –0·06 | –0·02 | –0·05, 0·02 | –0·70 | –0·98, –0·42 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | –0·009 | –0·06, 0·04 | –0·0005 | –0·01, 0·01 | –0·004 | –0·02, 0·01 | 0·03 | 0·02, 0·05 | 0·003 | –0·0002, 0·006 | 0·18 | 0·08, 0·29 |
| Body fat % | 0·006 | –0·02, 0·04 | 0·004 | –0·004, 0·01 | 0·002 | –0·006, 0·01 | 0·02 | 0·01, 0·03 | 0·002 | 0·0004, 0·005 | 0·12 | 0·06, 0·18 |
| Waist (cm) | –0·004 | –0·02, 0·02 | –0·0003 | –0·005, 0·005 | –0·002 | –0·007, 0·004 | 0·01 | 0·005, 0·02 | 0·002 | 0·001, 0·0003 | 0·07 | 0·02, 0·11 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2·97 | 2·24, 3·71 | 0·75 | 0·57, 0·93 | 0·84 | 0·62, 1·07 | 0·26 | 0·19, 0·33 | 0·18 | 0·13, 0·24 | 5·63 | 4·29, 7·0 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 0·81 | 0·45, 1·17 | 0·17 | 0·08, 0·26 | 0·21 | 0·12, 0·30 | 0·15 | 0·1, 0·19 | 0·05 | 0·03, 0·07 | 2·8 | 2·16, 3·45 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0·92 | 0·62, 1·23 | 0·21 | 0·14, 0·29 | 0·25 | 0·17, 0·33 | 0·13 | 0·10, 0·17 | 0·05 | 0·04, 0·07 | 2·80 | 2·29, 3·31 |
| TAG (mmol/l) | –0·22 | –0·72, 0·28 | –0·03 | –0·15, 0·09 | –0·04 | –0·19, 0·10 | –0·07 | –0·12, –0·02 | –0·04 | –0·08, 0·003 | 0·58 | –0·58, 1·74 |
PAEE, physical activity energy expenditure; GPAQ, Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; LPA, Light physical activity; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous PA.
β-coefficient represents the difference in serum biomarkers in µmol/l per a unit difference in the predictor. Estimates are adjusted for age and sex (except for age adjusted for sex only and sex adjusted for age only).