. 2026 Jul 10;11(29):44462–44472. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.6c05343

3. Cu XPS and LMM Auger Electron Spectra Analysis for Cu/SiO₂–FA-RT and Cu–Ni _x O _y /SiO₂ .

	Kinetic energy (eV)		Binding energy (eV)	Contents of Cu species (%)			Molar ratios
Catalysts	Cu⁰	Cu⁺	Cu²⁺	Cu⁰	Cu⁺	Cu²⁺	Cu⁰/Cu⁺
Cu/SiO₂–FA-RT	916.1	912.9	935.5	45.1	26.2	28.7	1.72/1
Cu–Ni_xO_y/SiO₂	917.1	914.2	935.4	35.5	48.8	15.7	0.73/1

3. Cu XPS and LMM Auger Electron Spectra Analysis for Cu/SiO2–FA-RT and Cu–Ni x O y /SiO2 .