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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Genet. 2025 Nov;57(11):2606–2613. doi: 10.1038/s41588-025-02331-x

Table 1.

Brief overview of the 6 GIMs

Category GIM Description
Colocalization COLOC13 Calculating colocalization posterior probability using Bayesian framework
TWAS PrediXcan15 Identify trait-associated genes by leveraging genetically predicted expression and testing its association with the trait
MR SMR7 Testing the causative or pleiotropic effect of expression on complex trait using a genetic variant
TWAS FUSION14 Identifying genes whose cis-regulated expression is associated to complex traits accounting for LD
Colocalization eCAVIAR6 Colocalization posterior probability is treated as the product of the posterior probabilities that a variant is causal in both the GWAS and the QTL study
Colocalization fastENLOC11 Calculating colocalization probabilities enables the estimation of colocalization priors directly from the provided data